Current Issues

2021 Current Environmental Issue

Water Resource Management: Local Control and Local Solutions

Approximately 26 billion gallons of water are used every day in the United States alone. According to the United States Geological Survey, the average American uses between 80 and 100 gallons of water daily.

As the population of the United States, and the rest of the world, continues to grow, water and other natural resources are consumed at an increasing rate. As water resources are depleted, overuse of existing supplies often occurs. Water management has traditionally involved the manipulation of water supplies, rather than focusing on altering water demand. This has been done through dams, water conveyance structures and the location and development of new supplies. However, these methods will continually face economic, ecological, and hydrological concerns.

Access to clean and safe drinking water is essential to a healthy and thriving community. If a safe drinking water source is compromised or lost, there would be harmful consequences to human health, the environment, and the economy. These losses can be prevented or mitigated to protect current and future sources. Once groundwater is polluted, it will remain that way for decades. The potential for contamination and the high cost of treatment and expense of locating or developing alternate sources make it imperative for government entities to adopt and implement effective strategies for long-term protection. This is especially true for any area dependent on groundwater as its sole source for drinking water.

Many factors, including increasing populations and extensive development, put stresses on groundwater supplies. These include the use of pesticides, fertilizers, animal manure, and storm water runoff which contains metals, nutrients, salts and other chemicals that can leach into groundwater basins. Local governmental planning agencies generally focus on priorities such as land use development (e.g., residential and commercial), infrastructure needs (e.g., roads, wastewater treatment, etc.), the local economy, and a good jobs-per-housing ratio. Planning for groundwater protection often receives insufficient attention for addressing periods of drought, water conservation and efficiency, pollution prevention, recharge zones, storm water management, and future water needs.

Efforts to monitor and assess groundwater quality and quantity have typically been sporadic and, while successful in some local jurisdictions and watersheds, largely inadequate, due primarily to high cost. More reliable, consistent, and comprehensive data are needed to sufficiently characterize groundwater quality/quantity to support critical decisions and policies for use, protection, and management.

Policy makers at all levels of government will face the need to make difficult decisions regarding alternatives and trade-offs to planning future development and managing growth. Below is a list of considerations policy makers and you, as a citizen, should consider when making decisions about water resource management.

• How do public officials determine priority use when allocating a limited water supply?
• Should urban uses have priority over agriculture?
• Should agriculture have a higher priority which may preclude or limit urban growth?
• What considerations should be given to environmental uses such as maintaining in-stream flows, aquatic life and habitat?
• What is the role of storm water management?
• What is the link between threats to both surface and groundwater quality/quantity?
• How can they best be addressed?
• Who should have jurisdiction to oversee the protection and management of large groundwater basins for both quality and quantity (e.g., recharge)?
• What are the consequences of poor planning, unreasonable decisions, and lack of effective actions?
• How can public officials address future threats to water resources?

Learning Objectives

After completing study on this issue, students will:

1. A QUICK GUIDE TO GROUNDWATER

a. Analyze the principles of hydrology and define the basic components of groundwater
b. Identify and describe human impacts on the water cycle
c. Identify and describe the six major watersheds found in Pennsylvania
d. Identify and describe the four types, their range, and the makeup of groundwater aquifers found in Pennsylvania
e. Identify the main uses of groundwater in Pennsylvania and the United States
f. Explain the sources and uses of groundwater and assess the value of water as a resource

2. WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY

a. Analyze how society’s needs relate to demands on groundwater (contamination, aquifer recharge, overuse of water sources)
b. Describe the process for incorporating water protection strategies into a comprehensive source protection plan, including the federal and state monitoring requirements, regulatory tools, and subdivision controls
c. Describe strategies and technologies used to increase and replenish groundwater supplies
d. Identify the affects that climate change has on water resources
e. Explain how climate change affects water resources
f. Evaluate the impact of energy production (mining and natural gas) on groundwater supplies

3. LAND USE PLANNING AND ITS EFFECTS ON WATER RESOURCES

a. Describe where groundwater depletion in Pennsylvania is occurring, the areas at risk in the future
b. Explain how groundwater depletion is directly related to water demand and provide examples
c. Analyze the impact of over pumping of groundwater and justify reasons why land use planning is necessary for groundwater management.
d. Identify elements and tools that relate to groundwater protection when developing a comprehensive plan
e. Describe the sources of groundwater contamination (nitrates, agriculture, development) and evaluate strategies for reducing water consumption and protecting water quality (low impact development, green infrastructure, water conservation, landscaping)

4. WATER RESOURCE PROTECTION

a. Describe Best Management Practices (BMPs) used to protect groundwater
b. Identify simple actions the homeowner can take
c. Identify ways to use water efficiently

Reference Materials – 2021

1. 2021 Current Issue Resource Booklet  (general information, same as 2020)
2. Groundwater A Primer for Pennsylvanians
3. Nitrates in Drinking Water
4. Access and Allocation of Water in Pennsylvania
5. A Conservation Catalog
6. State Water Plan Principles – Executive Summary
7. Soil characteristics that influence nitrogen and water management
8. Streamside Forests: Riparian Forestry Buffers

 

**You may also see questions relating to the current environmental issue in the soil and land use, forestry, aquatic ecology, and wildlife stations reference materials.